Processes for Maximizing Ethanol Formation In the Hydrogenation of Acetic Acid

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for purifying a crude ethanol product. The process comprises the step of hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the crude ethanol product. The process further comprises the step of separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product in a purification zone. The purification zone preferably comprises a first column, which yields a first distillate comprising ethanol, water and ethyl acetate, and a first residue comprising acetic acid. The at least a portion of the crude ethanol product has a residence time from the reactor to the purification zone from 5 minutes to 5 days.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/332,702, filed on May 7, 2010, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to processes for producingethanol and, in particular, to processes for maximizing ethanolformation in the hydrogenation of acetic acid by reducing ethyl acetateformation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ethanol for industrial use is conventionally produced from petrochemicalfeed stocks, such as oil, natural gas, or coal, from feed stockintermediates, such as syngas, or from starchy materials or cellulosematerials, such as corn or sugar cane. Conventional methods forproducing ethanol from petrochemical feed stocks, as well as fromcellulosic materials, include the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene,methanol homologation, direct alcohol synthesis, and Fischer-Tropschsynthesis. Instability in petrochemical feed stock prices contributes tofluctuations in the cost of conventionally produced ethanol, making theneed for alternative sources of ethanol production all the greater whenfeed stock prices rise. Starchy materials, as well as cellulosicmaterial, are converted to ethanol by fermentation. However,fermentation is typically used for consumer production of ethanol forfuels or consumption. In addition, fermentation of starchy or cellulosicmaterials competes with food sources and places restraints on the amountof ethanol that can be produced for industrial use.

Ethanol production via the reduction of alkanoic acids and/or othercarbonyl group-containing compounds has been widely studied, and avariety of combinations of catalysts, supports, and operating conditionshave been mentioned in the literature. During the reduction of alkanoicacid, e.g., acetic acid, other compounds are often formed with ethanolor are formed in side reactions. For example, during hydrogenationand/or in subsequent side reactions, esters are produced that togetherwith ethanol and/or water may form azeotropes, which are difficult toseparate. These impurities may limit the production of ethanol and mayrequire expensive and complex purification trains to separate theimpurities from the ethanol. In addition, when conversion is incomplete,unreacted acid remains in the crude ethanol product. This residualacetic acid may, with time, promote additional detrimental sidereactions. Accordingly, the residual acetic acid must be removed fromthe crude ethanol product to yield purified ethanol.

Therefore, the need remains for improving the recovery of ethanol from acrude product obtained by reducing alkanoic acids, such as acetic acid,and/or other carbonyl group-containing compounds. In addition, the needexists for processes that reduce or inhibit the formation of impuritiesvia detrimental side reactions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first embodiment, the present invention is directed to a processfor purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising hydrogenating aceticacid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the crudeethanol product; and separating at least a portion of the crude ethanolproduct in a downstream purification zone into one or more derivativestreams. Preferably, the purification zone comprises a first column,which yields a first distillate comprising ethanol, water and ethylacetate, and a first residue comprising acetic acid. In a preferredembodiment, at least a portion of the crude ethanol product has aresidence time from the reactor to the first column from 5 minutes to 5days. In some embodiments, a holding tank is configured between thereactor and the first column and the crude ethanol product has aresidence time from the reactor to the first column ranging from 1 hourto 5 days, e.g., from 1 day to 3 days. In other embodiments, where aholding tank is not employed, the crude ethanol product has a residencetime from the reactor to the purification zone ranging from 1 second to1 hour, e.g., from 5 minutes to 30 minutes or from 5 minutes to 15minutes.

In a second embodiment, the inventive processes comprise the step ofhydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst toform the crude ethanol product; separating the crude ethanol product ina flasher into a vapor stream and a liquid stream; directing at least aportion of the liquid stream to a downstream purification zone; andseparating at least a portion of the liquid stream in the purificationzone into at least one derivative stream. Preferably, the purificationzone comprises a first column, which yields a first distillatecomprising ethanol, water and ethyl acetate, and a first residuecomprising acetic acid. The at least a portion of the liquid stream hasa residence time from the flasher to the purification zone from 5minutes to 5 days.

In a third embodiment, the inventive processes comprise hydrogenatingacetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the crudeethanol product; and separating the crude ethanol product in a flasherinto a vapor stream and a liquid stream, cooling at least a portion ofthe liquid stream to a temperature from 0 to 40° C.; directing at leasta portion of the liquid stream to a purification zone; and separating atleast a portion of the liquid stream in the purification zone into atleast one derivative stream.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention is described in detail below with reference to theappended drawings, wherein like numerals designate similar parts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a hydrogenation system having a holdingtank in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph indicating the increase in ethyl acetate content.

FIG. 3 is a graph of room temperature stability of a crude ethanolproduct.

FIG. 4 is a graph of a crude ethanol product stability at 4° C.

FIG. 5 is a graph a crude ethanol product stability comparison at 4° C.and 21° C.

FIG. 6 is a graph a ethyl acetate concentration comparison at −78° C.,4° C., and 21° C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to processes for recovering ethanol from acrude ethanol product. In particular, the present invention relates toprocesses for recovering and/or purifying ethanol from a crude ethanolproduct, which preferably is formed in a process for hydrogenatingacetic acid in the presence of a catalyst. Once formed, the crudeethanol product is directed to a purification zone for separating thevarious components contained therein, e.g., ethanol, water, and residualacetic acid.

In particular, the processes of the present invention relate tosuppressing and/or reducing the formation of ethyl acetate in the crudeethanol product prior to residual acetic acid removal in thepurification zone. A non-catalyzed reaction occurs in the crude ethanolproduct driving the crude ethanol product to an equilibrium betweenethanol/acetic acid and ethyl acetate/water as shown below:

EtOH+HOAc⇄EtOAc+H₂O

In product mixtures comprising more ethanol and acetic acid than ethylacetate and water, such as the crude ethanol product, this equilibriumreaction will undesirably lead to the formation of additional ethylacetate and water at the expense of the desired ethanol product. Thiseffect decreases ethanol productivity and increases waste. The reactionrate of this equilibrium reaction increases with temperature.

In preferred embodiments, the crude ethanol product, once formed, isdirected to a purification zone for separation of the componentscontained in the crude ethanol product. The purification zone yields atleast one, e.g., at least two or at least three, derivative stream(s).The purification zone separates the residual acetic acid from theproduct ethanol. Preferably, the purification zone comprises a firstcolumn, which yields a first distillate comprising ethanol, water andethyl acetate, and a first residue comprising acetic acid. In suchcases, the first distillate and the first residue may be consideredderivative streams.

In another embodiment, the separation of the residual acetic acid fromthe product ethanol is achieved via other purification unit(s). In manychemical processes, for example, distillation columns consume asignificant amount of energy. Thus, in embodiments where reduced energyconsumption is desired, one or more membrane separation units areemployed to purify the crude ethanol product. Preferably, the membraneseparation unit comprises a pervaporation membrane. The crude ethanolproduct and/or the one or more derivative streams may be passed throughthe membrane separation unit(s). In one embodiment, the membraneseparation unit is used in conjunction with the distillation column(s).In some embodiments, the membranes may replace the necessity for one ormore, e.g., two or more, distillation columns. The use of one or moremembranes provides a low energy alternative to distillation columns. Inaddition, the use of membrane separation unit(s) may advantageouslyprovide the ability to “break” azeotropes without the use of entrainers.For applications in which the crude ethanol product comprises ethanoland water, the one or more membranes may break the ethanol-waterazeotrope. The ethanol-water azeotrope limits the recoverable ethanol indistillation columns to an ethanol product comprising about 92-96 wt. %of ethanol. Membranes are preferably suited to providing an ethanolproduct, such as an anhydrous ethanol product, with higher amounts ofethanol, e.g., at least 96 wt. % or greater or at least 99 wt. % orgreater.

Typically, substantially all of the residual acetic acid is firstseparated and/or removed from the crude ethanol product in thepurification zone. Once the residual acetic acid is removed, theformation of ethyl acetate according to the above equilibrium reactionis effectively arrested. According to preferred embodiments of theinvention, the residence time between the formation of the crude ethanolproduct and the separation and/or removal of the residual acetic acid inthe purification zone is kept sufficiently low so as to effectivelyreduce ethyl acetate formation. In some embodiments, since the reactionrate of the equilibrium reaction increases with temperature, the processadditionally or alternatively involves maintaining the crude ethanolproduct at temperatures sufficient to slow or inhibit the formation ofethyl acetate until the residual acetic acid can be effectively removedtherefrom.

Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of ethyl acetate formed in the crudeethanol product may be minimized by providing a low residence timebetween formation of the crude ethanol product and the substantialremoval of residual acetic acid therefrom, e.g., in the purificationzone. It should be noted that the specific separation scheme employed inthe purification zone may vary widely. As a result, the step ofsubstantially removing the residual acetic acid may be the first step ora subsequent step in the purification system. For some embodiments ofthe present invention, the relevant time period is the time betweenformation of the crude ethanol product and the time that the crudeethanol product is introduced into a separation unit of the purificationzone to remove residual acetic acid therefrom. This time period may becritical because removal of the residual acetic acid may be primarilyresponsible for arresting the ethanol/ethyl acetate equilibriumreaction. The separation unit, e.g., purification column, that isprimarily responsible for removing residual acetic acid is also referredto herein as the acid removal unit.

Referring to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, the residence time is the periodof time between the time that the crude ethanol product exits reactor103 (point A) and the time that the crude ethanol product enters theacid removal unit 107 (point B). In this embodiment, the crude ethanolproduct preferably has a residence time of less than 5 days, e.g., lessthan 3 days, less than 1 hour, less than 30 minutes, less than 15minutes, or less than 5 minutes. In terms of ranges, the residence timeoptionally is from 5 minutes to 5 days, e.g., from 5 minutes to 3 days,or from 5 minutes and 1 hour.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, the crude ethanol productderived from reactor 103 is flashed in a flasher 106 to remove hydrogenand light hydrocarbons therefrom prior to introduction to the acidremoval unit 107. In this aspect, the stream exiting the flasher 106also may be referred to as a crude ethanol product stream. Thus, in someaspects, the invention is characterized in terms of the residence timeof the crude ethanol product between the time that it exists the flasher(point C) and the time that it is introduced into acid removal unit(point B). In this embodiment, the crude ethanol product may have aresidence time of less than 5 days, e.g., less than 3 days, less than 1hour, less than 30 minutes, less than 15 minutes, or less than 5minutes.

By minimizing the specified residence time, the amount of additionalethyl acetate formed prior to introduction into the purification zone102, and more specifically into the acid removal unit 107, also can beeffectively minimized. In some embodiments, the reaction zone 101 isclosely coupled with the purification zone 102.

In other embodiments, a holding tank 130 is provided between these twozones, for example, to allow a portion the crude ethanol product to betransported to a separate location for purification. All or a portion ofthe crude ethanol product may be held in the holding tank prior tointroduction into the purification zone 102, e.g., into the acid removalunit. The residence time of the crude ethanol product between points Aand C, when held in one or more holding tanks, is preferably less thanthe residence time between points C and B, and may be from 5 minutes to5 days, e.g., from 5 minutes to 3 days, or from 5 minutes and 1 hour.Exemplary residence times between points C and B, when held in a holdingtank, is from 5 minutes to 5 days, e.g., from 5 minutes to 3 days, orfrom 5 minutes and 1 hour. In various optional embodiments, the one ormore holding tanks may be provided between points A and C, betweenpoints C and B, or both between points A and C and between points C andB.

In some embodiments where a holding tank is not employed, the crudeethanol product may have a shorter residence time, as measured frompoint A to point B or from point C to point B, than in cases where aholding tank is employed. For example, in some embodiments where aholding tank is not employed, the crude acetic acid product may have aresidence time less than 1 hour, e.g., less than 30 minutes, less than15 minutes, or less than 5 minutes. In terms of ranges, the residencetime, as measured from point A to point B or from point C to point B,may range from 1 second to 1 hour, e.g., from 5 minutes to 30 minutes orfrom 5 minutes to 15 minutes.

In other embodiments where a holding tank is used, the crude ethanolproduct, may have a longer residence time, as measured from point A topoint B or from point C to point B, than in cases where a holding tankis not used. For example, in some embodiments where a holding tank isemployed, the crude acetic acid product may have a residence time lessthan 5 days, e.g., less than 3 days, or less than 1 day. In terms ofranges, the residence time, as measured from point A to point B or frompoint C to point B, may range from 1 hour to 5 days, e.g., from 1 day to3 days. In terms of lower limits, the residence time in these cases maybe at least 1 hour, e.g., at least 1 day. In comparing residence timeswith and without a holding tank, the residence time when using a holdingtank may be at least 10% longer than the residence time when not using aholding tank, e.g., at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or atleast 200%.

In another embodiment, as indicated above, additional formation of ethylacetate in the crude ethanol product may additionally or alternativelybe controlled by maintaining the crude ethanol product at a temperatureless than 40° C., e.g., less than 30° C. or less than 20° C. In terms ofranges, the crude ethanol product may be maintained at a temperaturefrom 0° C. to 40° C., e.g., from 0° C. to 30° C. or from 0° C. to 20° C.The temperature preferably is maintained at these temperatures betweenthe flasher and the purification zone, e.g., the acid removal unit,e.g., between points C and B in FIG. 1. One or more cooling devices orheat exchangers may be used to maintain, or reduce if necessary, thetemperature of the crude ethanol product to these temperatures. In oneembodiment, the crude ethanol product is cooled within thesetemperatures and held in one or more holding tanks within theabove-provided residence times.

In some embodiments, the temperature of the crude ethanol product isrelated to the residence time of the crude ethanol product, as measuredfrom point A to point B or from point C to point B. For example,maintaining the crude ethanol product at cooler temperatures, may allowlonger residence times without additional formation of ethyl acetate.Conversely, when the crude ethanol product is not cooled or ismaintained at higher temperatures, additional ethyl acetate may formmore quickly. Thus, to avoid additional ethyl acetate formation,residence times preferably would be shorter.

In addition, the rate at which the non-catalyzed reaction occurs mayincrease as the temperature of the crude product is increased. Forexample, as the temperature of the crude product in line 115 increasesfrom 4° C. to 21° C., the rate of ethyl acetate formation may increasefrom about 0.01 wt. % per hour to about 0.005 wt. % per hour. Thus, inone embodiment, the temperature of liquid components in line 115 or inthe optional holding tank is maintained at a temperature less than 21°C.

Since the crude ethanol product typically is rich in ethanol andcontains residual acetic acid, the ethyl acetate concentration in crudeethanol products may tend to increase until the residual acetic acid isremoved. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the ethyl acetate inthe crude ethanol product prior to acid removal increases by no morethan 5 wt. % over the ethyl acetate content in the crude ethanol productwithdrawn from the reactor, e.g., no more than 3 wt. % or no more than 2wt. %. For example, when the crude ethanol product exiting the reactor103 comprises 5 wt. % of ethyl acetate, the amount of crude ethanolproduct that is fed to the acid removal unit (first column 107)preferably comprises no more than 10 wt. % of ethyl acetate. Preferably,substantially no additional ethyl acetate is formed between the reactorand acid removal unit.

Embodiments of the present invention beneficially may be used inindustrial applications to recover ethanol on an economically feasiblescale.

Suitable hydrogenation catalysts include catalysts comprising a firstmetal and optionally one or more of a second metal, a third metal oradditional metals, optionally on a catalyst support. The first andoptional second and third metals may be selected from Group IB, IIB,IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII transitional metals, a lanthanide metal,an actinide metal or a metal selected from any of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA,and VIA. Preferred metal combinations for some exemplary catalystcompositions include platinum/tin, platinum/ruthenium, platinum/rhenium,palladium/ruthenium, palladium/rhenium, cobalt/palladium,cobalt/platinum, cobalt/chromium, cobalt/ruthenium, silver/palladium,copper/palladium, nickel/palladium, gold/palladium, ruthenium/rhenium,and ruthenium/iron. Exemplary catalysts are further described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,608,744 and U.S. Publication Nos. 2010/0029995, and2010/0197485, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

In one exemplary embodiment, the catalyst comprises a first metalselected from the group consisting of copper, iron, cobalt, nickel,ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, titanium,zinc, chromium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Preferably, the firstmetal is selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium,cobalt, nickel, and ruthenium. More preferably, the first metal isselected from platinum and palladium. When the first metal comprisesplatinum, it is preferred that the catalyst comprises platinum in anamount less than 5 wt. %, e.g., less than 3 wt. % or less than 1 wt. %,due to the high demand for platinum.

As indicated above, the catalyst optionally further comprises a secondmetal, which typically would function as a promoter. If present, thesecond metal preferably is selected from the group consisting of copper,molybdenum, tin, chromium, iron, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, palladium,platinum, lanthanum, cerium, manganese, ruthenium, rhenium, gold, andnickel. More preferably, the second metal is selected from the groupconsisting of copper, tin, cobalt, rhenium, and nickel. More preferably,the second metal is selected from tin and rhenium.

If the catalyst includes two or more metals, e.g., a first metal and asecond metal, the first metal optionally is present in the catalyst inan amount from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 5 wt. %, or from 0.1to 3 wt. %. The second metal preferably is present in an amount from 0.1and 20 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 5 wt. %. Forcatalysts comprising two or more metals, the two or more metals may bealloyed with one another or may comprise a non-alloyed metal solution ormixture.

The preferred metal ratios may vary depending on the metals used in thecatalyst. In some exemplary embodiments, the mole ratio of the firstmetal to the second metal is from 10:1 to 1:10, e.g., from 4:1 to 1:4,from 2:1 to 1:2, from 1.5:1 to 1:1.5 or from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1.

The catalyst may also comprise a third metal selected from any of themetals listed above in connection with the first or second metal, solong as the third metal is different from the first and second metals.In preferred aspects, the third metal is selected from the groupconsisting of cobalt, palladium, ruthenium, copper, zinc, platinum, tin,and rhenium. More preferably, the third metal is selected from cobalt,palladium, and ruthenium. When present, the total weight of the thirdmetal preferably is from 0.05 to 4 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 3 wt. %, orfrom 0.1 to 2 wt. %.

In addition to one or more metals, the exemplary catalysts furthercomprise a support or a modified support, meaning a support thatincludes a support material and a support modifier, which adjusts theacidity of the support material. The total weight of the support ormodified support, based on the total weight of the catalyst, preferablyis from 75 to 99.9 wt. %, e.g., from 78 to 97 wt. %, or from 80 to 95wt. %. In preferred embodiments that use a modified support, the supportmodifier is present in an amount from 0.1 to 50 wt. %, e.g., from 0.2 to25 wt. %, from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, or from 1 to 8 wt. %, based on the totalweight of the catalyst.

Suitable support materials may include, for example, stable metaloxide-based supports or ceramic-based supports. Preferred supportsinclude silicaceous supports, such as silica, silica/alumina, a GroupIIA silicate such as calcium metasilicate, pyrogenic silica, high puritysilica, and mixtures thereof. Other supports may include, but are notlimited to, iron oxide, alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesium oxide,carbon, graphite, high surface area graphitized carbon, activatedcarbons, and mixtures thereof.

In the production of ethanol, the catalyst support may be modified witha support modifier. Preferably, the support modifier is a basic modifierthat has a low volatility or no volatility. Such basic modifiers, forexample, may be selected from the group consisting of: (i) alkalineearth oxides, (ii) alkali metal oxides, (iii) alkaline earth metalmetasilicates, (iv) alkali metal metasilicates, (v) Group IIB metaloxides, (vi) Group IIB metal metasilicates, (vii) Group IIIB metaloxides, (viii) Group IIIB metal metasilicates, and mixtures thereof. Inaddition to oxides and metasilicates, other types of modifiers includingnitrates, nitrites, acetates, and lactates may be used. Preferably, thesupport modifier is selected from the group consisting of oxides andmetasilicates of any of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, scandium,yttrium, zinc, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the support modifier isa calcium silicate, and more preferably calcium metasilicate (CaSiO₃).If the support modifier comprises calcium metasilicate, it is preferredthat at least a portion of the calcium metasilicate is in crystallineform.

A preferred silica support material is SS61138 High Surface Area (HSA)Silica Catalyst Carrier from Saint-Gobain NorPro. The Saint-GobainNorPro SS61138 silica contains approximately 95 wt. % high surface areasilica; a surface area of about 250 m²/g; a median pore diameter ofabout 12 nm; an average pore volume of about 1.0 cm³/g as measured bymercury intrusion porosimetry and a packing density of about 0.352 g/cm³(22 lb/ft³).

A preferred silica/alumina support material is KA-160 (Sud Chemie)silica spheres having a nominal diameter of about 5 mm, a density ofabout 0.562 g/ml, in absorptivity of about 0.583 g H₂O/g support, asurface area of about 160 to 175 m²/g, and a pore volume of about 0.68ml/g.

As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, supportmaterials are selected such that the catalyst system is suitably active,selective and robust under the process conditions employed for theformation of ethanol.

The metals of the catalysts may be dispersed throughout the support,coated on the outer surface of the support (egg shell) or decorated onthe surface of the support.

The catalyst compositions suitable for use with the present inventionpreferably are formed through metal impregnation of the modifiedsupport, although other processes such as chemical vapor deposition mayalso be employed. Such impregnation techniques are described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,608,744, U.S. Publication Nos. 2010/0029995, and2010/0197485, referred to above, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

Embodiments of the invention may include a variety of configurationsusing a fixed bed reactor or a fluidized bed reactor, as one of skill inthe art will readily appreciate. In many embodiments of the presentinvention, an “adiabatic” reactor can be used; that is, there is littleor no need for internal plumbing through the reaction zone to add orremove heat. In other embodiments, radial flow reactor or reactors maybe employed, or a series of reactors may be employed with or with outheat exchange, quenching, or introduction of additional feed material.Alternatively, a shell and tube reactor provided with a heat transfermedium may be used. In many cases, the reaction zone may be housed in asingle vessel or in a series of vessels with heat exchangerstherebetween.

In preferred embodiments, the catalyst is employed in a fixed bedreactor, e.g., in the shape of a pipe or tube, where the reactants,typically in the vapor faun, are passed over or through the catalyst.Other reactors, such as fluid or ebullient bed reactors, can beemployed. In some instances, the hydrogenation catalysts may be used inconjunction with an inert material to regulate the pressure drop of thereactant stream through the catalyst bed and the contact time of thereactant compounds with the catalyst particles.

The hydrogenation reaction may be carried out in either the liquid phaseor vapor phase. Preferably, the reaction is carried out in the vaporphase under the following conditions. The reaction temperature may rangefrom 125° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 200° C. to 325° C., from 225° C. to300° C., or from 250° C. to 300° C. The pressure may range from 10 KPato 3000 KPa (about 1.5 to 435 psi), e.g., from 50 KPa to 2300 KPa, orfrom 100 KPa to 1500 KPa. The reactants may be fed to the reactor at agas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of greater than 500 hr⁻¹, e.g., greaterthan 1000 hr⁻¹, greater than 2500 hr⁻¹ or even greater than 5000 hr⁻¹.In terms of ranges the GHSV may range from 50 hr⁻¹ to 50,000 hr⁻¹, e.g.,from 500 hr⁻¹ to 30,000 hr⁻¹, from 1000 hr⁻¹ to 10,000 hr⁻¹, or from1000 hr⁻¹ to 6500 hr⁻¹.

The hydrogenation optionally is carried out at a pressure justsufficient to overcome the pressure drop across the catalytic bed at theGHSV selected, although there is no bar to the use of higher pressures,it being understood that considerable pressure drop through the reactorbed may be experienced at high space velocities, e.g., 5000 hr⁻¹ or6,500 hr⁻¹.

Although the reaction consumes two moles of hydrogen per mole of aceticacid to produce one mole of ethanol, the actual molar ratio of hydrogento acetic acid in the feed stream may vary from about 100:1 to 1:100,e.g., from 50:1 to 1:50, from 20:1 to 1:2, or from 12:1 to 1:1. Mostpreferably, the molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid is greater than2:1, e.g., greater than 4:1 or greater than 8:1.

Contact or residence time can also vary widely, depending upon suchvariables as amount of acetic acid, catalyst, reactor, temperature andpressure. Typical contact times range from a fraction of a second tomore than several hours when a catalyst system other than a fixed bed isused, with preferred contact times, at least for vapor phase reactions,from 0.1 to 100 seconds, e.g., from 0.3 to 80 seconds or from 0.4 to 30seconds.

The raw materials, acetic acid and hydrogen, used in connection with theprocess of this invention may be derived from any suitable sourceincluding natural gas, petroleum, coal, biomass, and so forth. Asexamples, acetic acid may be produced via methanol carbonylation,acetaldehyde oxidation, ethylene oxidation, oxidative fermentation, andanaerobic fermentation. As petroleum and natural gas prices fluctuate,becoming either more or less expensive, methods for producing aceticacid and intermediates such as methanol and carbon monoxide fromalternate carbon sources have drawn increasing interest. In particular,when petroleum is relatively expensive compared to natural gas, it maybecome advantageous to produce acetic acid from synthesis gas (“syngas”) that is derived from any available carbon source. U.S. Pat. No.6,232,352, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference,for example, teaches a method of retrofitting a methanol plant for themanufacture of acetic acid. By retrofitting a methanol plant, the largecapital costs associated with CO generation for a new acetic acid plantare significantly reduced or largely eliminated. All or part of the syngas is diverted from the methanol synthesis loop and supplied to aseparator unit to recover CO and hydrogen, which are then used toproduce acetic acid. In addition to acetic acid, such a process can alsobe used to make hydrogen which may be utilized in connection with thisinvention.

Methanol carbonylation processes suitable for production of acetic acidare described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,208,624, 7,115,772, 7,005,541,6,657,078, 6,627,770, 6,143,930, 5,599,976, 5,144,068, 5,026,908,5,001,259, and 4,994,608, the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference. Optionally, the production of ethanol may beintegrated with such methanol carbonylation processes.

U.S. Pat. No. RE 35,377, which is hereby incorporated by reference,provides a method for the production of methanol by conversion ofcarbonaceous materials such as oil, coal, natural gas and biomassmaterials. The process includes hydrogasification of solid and/or liquidcarbonaceous materials to obtain a process gas which is steam pyrolizedwith additional natural gas to form synthesis gas. The syn gas isconverted to methanol which may be carbonylated to acetic acid. Themethod likewise produces hydrogen which may be used in connection withthis invention as noted above. The disclosures of U.S. Pat. No.5,821,111, which discloses a process for converting waste biomassthrough gasification into synthesis gas, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,754,are hereby incorporated by reference.

In one optional embodiment, the acetic acid fed to the hydrogenationreaction may also comprise other carboxylic acids and anhydrides, aswell as acetaldehyde and acetone. Preferably, a suitable acetic acidfeed stream comprises one or more of the compounds selected from thegroup consisting of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetaldehyde, ethylacetate, and mixtures thereof. These other compounds may also behydrogenated in the processes of the present invention. In someembodiments, the present of carboxylic acids, such as propanoic acid orits anhydride, may be beneficial in producing propanol.

Alternatively, acetic acid in vapor form may be taken directly as crudeproduct from the flash vessel of a methanol carbonylation unit of theclass described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,078, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference. The crude vapor product, for example,may be fed directly to the ethanol synthesis reaction zones of thepresent invention without the need for condensing the acetic acid andlight ends or removing water, saving overall processing costs.

The acetic acid may be vaporized at the reaction temperature, followingwhich the vaporized acetic acid can be fed along with hydrogen in anundiluted state or diluted with a relatively inert carrier gas, such asnitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide and the like. For reactions runin the vapor phase, the temperature should be controlled in the systemsuch that it does not fall below the dew point of acetic acid. In oneembodiment the acetic acid may be vaporized at the boiling point ofacetic acid at the particular pressure, and then the vaporized aceticacid may be further heated to the reactor inlet temperature. In anotherembodiment, the acetic acid is transferred to the vapor state by passinghydrogen, recycle gas, another suitable gas, or mixtures thereof throughthe acetic acid at a temperature below the boiling point of acetic acid,thereby humidifying the carrier gas with acetic acid vapors, followed byheating the mixed vapors up to the reactor inlet temperature.Preferably, the acetic acid is transferred to the vapor by passinghydrogen and/or recycle gas through the acetic acid at a temperature ator below 125° C., followed by heating of the combined gaseous stream tothe reactor inlet temperature.

In particular, the hydrogenation of acetic acid may achieve favorableconversion of acetic acid and favorable selectivity and productivity toethanol. For purposes of the present invention, the term “conversion”refers to the amount of acetic acid in the feed that is converted to acompound other than acetic acid. Conversion is expressed as a molepercentage based on acetic acid in the feed. The conversion may be atleast 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%,at least 70% or at least 80%. Although catalysts that have highconversions are desirable, such as at least 80% or at least 90%, in someembodiments a low conversion may be acceptable at high selectivity forethanol. It is, of course, well understood that in many cases, it ispossible to compensate for conversion by appropriate recycle streams oruse of larger reactors, but it is more difficult to compensate for poorselectivity.

Selectivity is expressed as a mole percent based on converted aceticacid. It should be understood that each compound converted from aceticacid has an independent selectivity and that selectivity is independentfrom conversion. For example, if 50 mole % of the converted acetic acidis converted to ethanol, we refer to the ethanol selectivity as 50%.Preferably, the catalyst selectivity to ethoxylates is at least 60%,e.g., at least 70%, or at least 80%. As used herein, the term“ethoxylates” refers specifically to the compounds ethanol,acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate. Preferably, the selectivity to ethanolis at least 80%, e.g., at least 85% or at least 88%. Preferredembodiments of the hydrogenation process also have low selectivity toundesirable products, such as methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide. Theselectivity to these undesirable products preferably is less than 4%,e.g., less than 2% or less than 1%. More preferably, these undesirableproducts are not detectable. Formation of alkanes may be low, andideally less than 2%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5% of the acetic acidpassed over the catalyst is converted to alkanes, which have littlevalue other than as fuel.

The term “productivity,” as used herein, refers to the grams of aspecified product, e.g., ethanol, formed during the hydrogenation basedon the kilograms of catalyst used per hour. A productivity of at least200 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, e.g., at least 400grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour or at least 600 grams ofethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, is preferred. In teens ofranges, the productivity preferably is from 200 to 3,000 grams ofethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, e.g., from 400 to 2,500 or from600 to 2,000.

In various embodiments, the crude ethanol product produced by thehydrogenation process, before any subsequent processing, such aspurification and separation, will typically comprise unreacted aceticacid, ethanol and water. As used herein, the term “crude ethanolproduct” refers to any composition comprising from 5 to 70 wt. % ethanoland from 5 to 35 wt. % water. In some exemplary embodiments, the crudeethanol product comprises ethanol in an amount from 5 to 70 wt. %, e.g.,from 10 to 60 wt. %, or from 15 to 50 wt. %, based on the total weightof the crude ethanol product. Preferably, the crude ethanol productcontains at least 10 wt. % ethanol, at least 15 wt. % ethanol or atleast 20 wt. % ethanol. The crude ethanol product typically will furthercomprise unreacted acetic acid, depending on conversion, for example, inan amount of less than 90 wt. %, e.g., less than 80 wt. % or less than70 wt. %. In terms of ranges, the unreacted acetic acid is preferablyfrom 0 to 90 wt. %, e.g., from 5 to 80 wt. %, from 15 to 70 wt. %, from20 to 70 wt. % or from 25 to 65 wt. %. As water is foamed in thereaction process, water will generally be present in the crude ethanolproduct, for example, in amounts ranging from 5 to 35 wt. %, e.g., from10 to 30 wt. % or from 10 to 26 wt. %. Ethyl acetate may also beproduced during the hydrogenation of acetic acid or through sidereactions and may be present, for example, in amounts ranging from 0 to20 wt. %, e.g., from 0 to 15 wt. %, from 1 to 12 wt. % or from 3 to 10wt. %. Acetaldehyde may also be produced through side reactions and maybe present, for example, in amounts ranging from 0 to 10 wt. %, e.g.,from 0 to 3 wt. %, from 0.1 to 3 wt. % or from 0.2 to 2 wt. %. Othercomponents, such as, for example, esters, ethers, aldehydes, acetals,ketones, alkanes, and carbon dioxide, if detectable, collectively may bepresent in amounts less than 10 wt. %, e.g., less than 6 wt. % or lessthan 4 wt. %. In terms of ranges, other components may be present in anamount from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, e.g., from 0.1 to 6 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 4wt. %. Exemplary embodiments of crude ethanol compositional ranges areprovided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 CRUDE ETHANOL PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS Component Conc. (wt. %) Conc.(wt. %) Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %) Ethanol   5 to 70  10 to 60  15 to50  25 to 50 Acetic Acid   0 to 90   5 to 80  15 to 70  20 to 70 Water  5 to 35   5 to 30  10 to 30  10 to 26 Ethyl Acetate   0 to 20   0 to15   1 to 12   3 to 10 Acetaldehyde   0 to 10   0 to 3 0.1 to 3 0.2 to 2Others 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 6 0.1 to 4 —

FIG. 1 shows a hydrogenation system 100 suitable for the hydrogenationof acetic acid and separating ethanol from the crude ethanol productaccording to one embodiment of the invention. System 100 comprisesreaction zone 101, purification zone 102, and holding tank 130 disposedbetween reaction zone 101 and purification zone 102. Reaction zone 101comprises reactor 103, hydrogen feed line 104 and acetic acid feed line105. Purification zone 102 comprises flasher 106, first column 107,second column 108, and third column 109. Hydrogen and acetic acid arefed to a vaporizer 110 via lines 104 and 105, respectively, to create avapor feed stream in line 111 that is directed to reactor 103. In oneembodiment, lines 104 and 105 may be combined and jointly fed to thevaporizer 110, e.g., in one stream containing both hydrogen and aceticacid. The temperature of the vapor feed stream in line 111 is preferablyfrom 100° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 120° C. to 310° C. or from 150° C.to 300° C. Any feed that is not vaporized is removed from vaporizer 110,as shown in FIG. 1, and may be recycled thereto. In addition, althoughFIG. 1 shows line 111 being directed to the top of reactor 103, line 111may be directed to the side, upper portion, or bottom of reactor 103.Further modifications and additional components to reaction zone 101 aredescribed below.

Reactor 103 contains the catalyst that is used in the hydrogenation ofthe carboxylic acid, preferably acetic acid. In one embodiment, one ormore guard beds (not shown) may be used to protect the catalyst frompoisons or undesirable impurities contained in the feed orreturn/recycle streams. Such guard beds may be employed in the vapor orliquid streams. Suitable guard bed materials are known in the art andinclude, for example, carbon, silica, alumina, ceramic, or resins. Inone aspect, the guard bed media is functionalized to trap particularspecies such as sulfur or halogens. During the hydrogenation process, acrude ethanol product stream is withdrawn, preferably continuously, fromreactor 103 via line 112. The crude ethanol product stream may becondensed and fed to flasher 106, which, in turn, provides a vaporstream and a liquid stream. The flasher 106 preferably operates at atemperature from 50° C. to 500° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 400° C. or from100° C. to 350° C. The pressure of flasher 106 preferably is from 50 KPato 2000 KPa, e.g., from 75 KPa to 1500 KPa or from 100 to 1000 KPa. Inone preferred embodiment the temperature and pressure of the flasher issimilar to the temperature and pressure of the reactor 103.

The vapor stream exiting the flasher 106 may comprise hydrogen andhydrocarbons, which may be purged and/or returned to reaction zone 101via line 113. As shown in FIG. 1, the returned portion of the vaporstream passes through compressor 114 and is combined with the hydrogenfeed and co-fed to vaporizer 110.

In one embodiment, the liquid from flasher 106 is withdrawn and pumpedas a feed composition via line 115 to the purification zone, whichcomprises first column 107, also referred to as the acid removal unit.Line 115 may, for example, be fed to the side of first column 107. Thecontents of line 115 typically will be substantially similar to theproduct obtained directly from the reactor, and may, in fact, also becharacterized as a crude ethanol product.

As indicated above, holding tank 130 is disposed between reaction zone101 and purification zone 102. A portion or all of the liquid feed inline 115 may be fed to holding tank 130 via line 131 and returned toline 115 via line 132. The portion of the liquid feed stored in holdingtank 130 may be fed to acid removal unit 107 via line 132 directly orco-fed with the remaining portion of the liquid feed in line 115.

Optionally a portion of the crude ethanol product in line 112 may alsobe fed to separate holding tank (not shown).

Although one holding tank is shown in FIG. 1, it is contemplated thatadditional separate tanks may be used. For example, separate holdingtanks may be used when both the crude ethanol product in line 112 andliquid feed in line 115 are to be separately stored.

In addition to the holding tank 130, the temperature of the crudeethanol product in line 112 and/or liquid feed in line 115 may bemaintained or cooled prior to introduction into the acid removal unit.The crude ethanol product may be maintained or cooled directly in thelines 112 or 115 or the holding tank 130 may be maintained or cooled toa temperature, for example, of less than 40° C., e.g., less than 30° C.or less than 20° C., or in terms of ranges from 0° C. to 40° C., e.g.,from 0° C. to 30° C. or from 0° C. to 20° C. If the temperature of lines112 and/or 115 exceeds these temperatures, the contents of the lines 112and/or 115 may be cooled as necessary. One or more sensors or monitoringgauges may be used in conjunction with the cooling device formaintaining the temperature.

In one embodiment, the contents of line 115 are substantially similar tothe crude ethanol product obtained from the reactor provided that thecontent of ethyl acetate in the feed to the acid removal unit 107 doesnot increase by more than 5 wt. % over the content of ethyl acetate inthe crude ethanol product withdrawn from the reactor, e.g., more than 3wt. % or more than 2 wt. %. In addition, the liquid feed may bedifferent than the crude ethanol product because the compositionpreferably has substantially no hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane orethane, which ideally are removed by the flasher 106. Exemplarycompositions in line 115 are provided in Table 2. It should beunderstood that line 115 may contain other components, not listed, suchas components in the feed.

TABLE 2 FEED COMPOSITION Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %)Ethanol 5 to 70    10 to 60   15 to 50 Acetic Acid <90    5 to 80   15to 70 Water 5 to 35    5 to 30   10 to 30 Ethyl Acetate <20  0.001 to 15   1 to 12 Acetaldehyde <10  0.001 to 3  0.1 to 3 Acetal <5  0.001 to 20.005 to 1 Acetone <5 0.0005 to 0.05 0.001 to 0.03 Other Esters <5<0.005 <0.001 Other Ethers <5 <0.005 <0.001 Other Alcohols <5 <0.005<0.001

The amounts indicated as less than (<) in the tables throughout presentapplication are preferably not present and if present may be present intrace amounts or in amounts greater than 0.0001 wt. %.

The “other esters” in Table 2 may include, but are not limited to, ethylpropionate, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butylacetate or mixtures thereof. The “other ethers” in Table 2 may include,but are not limited to, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, isobutylethyl ether or mixtures thereof. The “other alcohols” in Table 2 mayinclude, but are not limited to, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,n-butanol or mixtures thereof. The feed composition, e.g., line 115, maycomprise propanol, e.g., isopropanol and/or n-propanol, in an amountfrom 0.001 to 0.1 wt. %, from 0.001 to 0.05 wt. % or from 0.001 to 0.03wt. %. In should be understood that these other components may becarried through in any of the distillate or residue streams describedherein and will not be further described herein, unless indicatedotherwise.

When the content of acetic acid in line 115 is less than 5 wt. %, theacid separation column 107 may be skipped and line 115 may be introduceddirectly to second column 108, also referred to herein as a light endscolumn.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, line 115 is introduced in the lowerpart of acid removal unit (first column) 107, e.g., lower half or lowerthird. In acid removal unit 107, unreacted acetic acid, a portion of thewater, and other heavy components, if present, are removed from thecomposition in line 115 and are withdrawn, preferably continuously, asresidue. Some or all of the residue may be returned and/or recycled backto reaction zone 101 via line 116. Acid removal unit (first column) 107also forms an overhead distillate, which is withdrawn in line 117, andwhich may be condensed and refluxed, for example, at a ratio from 10:1to 1:10, e.g., from 3:1 to 1:3 or from 1:2 to 2:1.

Any of columns 107, 108 or 109 may comprise any purification columncapable of separation and/or purification. The columns preferablycomprise tray columns having from 1 to 150 trays, e.g., from 10 to 100trays, from 20 to 95 trays or from 30 to 75 trays. The trays may besieve trays, fixed valve trays, movable valve trays, or any othersuitable design known in the art. In other embodiments, a packed columnmay be used. For packed columns, structured packing or random packingmay be employed. The trays or packing may be arranged in one continuouscolumn or they may be arranged in two or more columns such that thevapor from the first section enters the second section while the liquidfrom the second section enters the first section, etc.

The associated condensers and liquid separation vessels that may beemployed with each of the purification columns may be of anyconventional design and are simplified in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1,heat may be supplied to the base of each column or to a circulatingbottom stream through a heat exchanger or reboiler. Other types ofreboilers, such as internal reboilers, may also be used in someembodiments. The heat that is provided to reboilers may be derived fromany heat generated during the process that is integrated with thereboilers or from an external source such as another heat generatingchemical process or a boiler. Although one reactor and one flasher areshown in FIG. 1, additional reactors, flashers, condensers, heatingelements, and other components may be used in embodiments of the presentinvention. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, variouscondensers, pumps, compressors, reboilers, drums, valves, connectors,separation vessels, etc., normally employed in carrying out chemicalprocesses may also be combined and employed in the processes of thepresent invention.

The temperatures and pressures employed in any of the columns may vary.As a practical matter, pressures from 10 KPa to 3000 KPa will generallybe employed in these zones although in some embodiments subatmosphericpressures may be employed as well as superatmospheric pressures.Temperatures within the various zones will normally range between theboiling points of the composition removed as the distillate and thecomposition removed as the residue. It will be recognized by thoseskilled in the art that the temperature at a given location in anoperating purification column is dependent on the composition of thematerial at that location and the pressure of column. In addition, feedrates may vary depending on the size of the production process and, ifdescribed, may be generically referred to in terms of feed weightratios.

When column 107 is operated under standard atmospheric pressure, thetemperature of the residue exiting in line 116 from column 107preferably is from 95° C. to 120° C., e.g., from 105° C. to 117° C. orfrom 110° C. to 115° C. The temperature of the distillate exiting inline 117 from column 107 preferably is from 70° C. to 110° C., e.g.,from 75° C. to 95° C. or from 80° C. to 90° C. In other embodiments, thepressure of first column 107 may range from 0.1 KPa to 510 KPa, e.g.,from 1 KPa to 475 KPa or from 1 KPa to 375 KPa. Exemplary distillate andresidue compositions for first column 107 are provided in Table 3 below.It should also be understood that the distillate and residue may alsocontain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed.For convenience, the distillate and residue of the first column may alsobe referred to as the “first distillate” or “first residue.” Thedistillates or residues of the other columns may also be referred towith similar numeric modifiers (second, third, etc.) to distinguish themfrom one another, but such modifiers should not be construed asrequiring any particular separation order.

TABLE 3 FIRST COLUMN Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %)Distillate Ethanol 20 to 75   30 to 70   40 to 65 Water 10 to 40   15 to35   20 to 35 Acetic Acid <2 0.001 to 0.5 0.01 to 0.2 Ethyl Acetate <60 5.0 to 40   10 to 30 Acetaldehyde <10 0.001 to 5 0.01 to 4 Acetal <0.1<0.1 <0.05 Acetone <0.05 0.001 to 0.03 0.01 to 0.025 Residue Acetic Acid60 to 100   70 to 95   85 to 92 Water <30    1 to 20   1 to 15 Ethanol<1 <0.9 <0.07

As shown in Table 3, without being bound by theory, it has surprisinglyand unexpectedly been discovered that when any amount of acetal isdetected in the feed that is introduced to the acid separation column(first column 107), the acetal appears to decompose in the column suchthat less or even no detectable amounts are present in the distillateand/or residue.

In addition, it has now been discovered that the above-describedequilibrium reaction may also favor ethanol formation in the top regionof first column 107.

The distillate, e.g., overhead stream, of column 107 optionally iscondensed and refluxed as shown in FIG. 1, preferably, at a reflux ratioof 1:5 to 10:1. The distillate in line 117 preferably comprises ethanol,ethyl acetate, and water, along with other impurities, which may bedifficult to separate due to the formation of binary and tertiaryazeotropes.

The first distillate in line 117 is introduced to the second column 108,also referred to as the “light ends column,” preferably in the middlepart of column 108, e.g., middle half or middle third. In oneembodiment, the second column 108 may be an extractive purificationcolumn. An extraction agent, such as water, may be added to secondcolumn 108. Water, used as an extraction agent, may be obtained from anexternal source or from an internal return/recycle line from one or moreof the other columns.

Second column 108 may be a tray or packed column. In one embodiment,second column 108 is a tray column having from 5 to 70 trays, e.g., from15 to 50 trays or from 20 to 45 trays.

Although the temperature and pressure of second column 108 may vary,when at atmospheric pressure the temperature of the second residueexiting in line 118 from second column 108 preferably is from 60° C. to90° C., e.g., from 70° C. to 90° C. or from 80° C. to 90° C. Thetemperature of the second distillate exiting in line 120 from secondcolumn 108 preferably is from 50° C. to 90° C., e.g., from 60° C. to 80°C. or from 60° C. to 70° C. Column 108 may operate at atmosphericpressure. In other embodiments, the pressure of second column 108 mayrange from 0.1 KPa to 510 KPa, e.g., from 1 KPa to 475 KPa or from 1 KPato 375 KPa. Exemplary distillate and residue compositions for secondcolumn 108 are provided in Table 4 below. It should also be understoodthat the distillate and residue may also contain other components, notlisted, such as components in the feed.

TABLE 4 SECOND COLUMN Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %)Distillate Ethyl Acetate 10 to 90   25 to 90   50 to 90 Acetaldehyde  1to 25    1 to 15    1 to 8 Water  1 to 25    1 to 20    4 to 16 Ethanol<30 0.001 to 15  0.01 to 5 Acetal <5 0.001 to 2  0.01 to 1 Residue Water30 to 70   30 to 60   30 to 50 Ethanol 20 to 75   30 to 70   40 to 70Ethyl Acetate <3 0.001 to 2 0.001 to 0.5 Acetic Acid <0.5 0.001 to 0.30.001 to 0.2

The weight ratio of ethanol in the second residue to ethanol in thesecond distillate preferably is at least 3:1, e.g., at least 6:1, atleast 8:1, at least 10:1 or at least 15:1. The weight ratio of ethylacetate in the second residue to ethyl acetate in the second distillatepreferably is less than 0.4:1, e.g., less than 0.2:1 or less than 0.1:1.In embodiments that use an extractive column with water as an extractionagent as the second column 108, the weight ratio of ethyl acetate in thesecond residue to ethyl acetate in the second distillate approacheszero.

Without being bound to theory, maintaining or preventing the increase ofethyl acetate in the crude ethanol product prior to introduction intothe acid removal unit 107 may improve the efficiency of second column108 due to the lower content of ethyl acetate.

As shown, the second residue from the bottom of second column 108, whichcomprises ethanol and water, is fed via line 118 to third column 109,also referred to as the “product column.” More preferably, the secondresidue in line 118 is introduced in the lower part of third column 109,e.g., lower half or lower third. Third column 109 recovers ethanol,which preferably is substantially pure other than the azeotropic watercontent, as the distillate in line 119. The distillate of third column109 preferably is refluxed as shown in FIG. 1, for example, at a refluxratio from 1:10 to 10:1, e.g., from 1:3 to 3:1 or from 1:2 to 2:1. Thethird residue in line 121, which preferably comprises primarily water,preferably is removed from the system 100 or may be partially returnedto any portion of the system 100. Third column 109 is preferably a traycolumn as described above and preferably operates at atmosphericpressure. The temperature of the third distillate exiting in line 119from third column 109 preferably is from 60° C. to 110° C., e.g., from70° C. to 100° C. or from 75° C. to 95° C. The temperature of the thirdresidue exiting from third column 109 preferably is from 70° C. to 115°C., e.g., from 80° C. to 110° C. or from 85° C. to 105° C., when thecolumn is operated at atmospheric pressure. Exemplary distillate andresidue compositions for third column 109 are provided in Table 5 below.It should also be understood that the distillate and residue may alsocontain other components, not listed, such as components in the feed.

TABLE 5 THIRD COLUMN Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt. %)Distillate Ethanol 75 to 96   80 to 96   85 to 96 Water <12    1 to 9   3 to 8 Acetic Acid <1 0.001 to 0.1 0.005 to 0.01 Ethyl Acetate <50.001 to 4  0.01 to 3 Residue Water 75 to 100   80 to 100   90 to 100Ethanol <0.8 0.001 to 0.5 0.005 to 0.05 Ethyl Acetate <1 0.001 to 0.50.005 to 0.2 Acetic Acid <2 0.001 to 0.5 0.005 to 0.2

Any of the compounds that are carried through the purification processfrom the feed or crude reaction product generally remain in the thirddistillate in amounts of less 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight ofthe third distillate composition, e.g., less than 0.05 wt. % or lessthan 0.02 wt. %. In one embodiment, one or more side streams may removeimpurities from any of the columns 107, 108 and/or 109 in the system100. Preferably at least one side stream is used to remove impuritiesfrom the third column 109. The impurities may be purged and/or retainedwithin the system 100.

The third distillate in line 119 may be further purified to form ananhydrous ethanol product stream, i.e., “finished anhydrous ethanol,”using one or more additional separation systems, such as, for example,purification columns (e.g., a finishing column) or molecular sieves.

Returning to second column 108, the distillate in line 120 preferably isrefluxed as shown in FIG. 1, for example, at a reflux ratio from 1:10 to10:1, e.g., from 1:5 to 5:1 or from 1:3 to 3:1. The distillate fromsecond column 108 may be purged. Alternatively, since it contains ethylacetate, all or a portion of the distillate from second column 108 maybe recycled to reaction zone 101 via line 120 in order to convert theethyl acetate to additional ethanol. All or a portion the distillate maybe recycled to reactor 103, as shown by line 120, and may be co-fed withthe acetic acid feed line 105. In another embodiments, the seconddistillate in line 120 may be further purified to remove impurities,such as acetaldehyde, using one or more additional columns (not shown).

Finished Ethanol

The finished ethanol composition obtained by the processes of thepresent invention preferably comprises from 75 to 96 wt. % ethanol,e.g., from 80 to 96 wt. % or from 85 to 96 wt. % ethanol, based on thetotal weight of the finished ethanol composition. Exemplary finishedethanol compositional ranges are provided below in Table 7.

TABLE 7 FINISHED ETHANOL COMPOSITIONS Component Conc. (wt. %) Conc. (wt.%) Conc. (wt. %) Ethanol 75 to 96 80 to 96 85 to 96 Water <12  1 to 9  3to 8 Acetic Acid <1 <0.1 <0.01 Ethyl Acetate <2 <0.5 <0.05 Acetal <0.05<0.01 <0.005 Acetone <0.05 <0.01 <0.005 Isopropanol <0.5 <0.1 <0.05n-propanol <0.5 <0.1 <0.05

The finished ethanol composition produced by the embodiments of thepresent invention may be used in a variety of applications includingfuels, solvents, chemical feedstocks, pharmaceutical products,cleansers, sanitizers, hydrogenation transport or consumption. In fuelapplications, the finished ethanol composition may be blended withgasoline for motor vehicles such as automobiles, boats and small pistonengine aircrafts. In non-fuel applications, the finished ethanolcomposition may be used as a solvent for toiletry and cosmeticpreparations, detergents, disinfectants, coatings, inks, andpharmaceuticals. The finished ethanol composition may also be used as aprocessing solvent in manufacturing processes for medicinal products,food preparations, dyes, photochemicals and latex processing.

The finished ethanol composition may also be used a chemical feedstockto make other chemicals such as vinegar, ethyl acrylate, ethyl acetate,ethylene, glycol ethers, ethylamines, aldehydes, and higher alcohols,especially butanol. In the production of ethyl acetate, the finishedethanol composition may be esterified with acetic acid or reacted withpolyvinyl acetate. The finished ethanol composition may be dehydrated toproduce ethylene. Any of known dehydration catalysts can be employed into dehydrate ethanol, such as those described in copending U.S. Pub.Nos. 2010/0030002 and 2010/0030001, the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference. A zeolite catalyst, for example, may beemployed as the dehydration catalyst. Preferably, the zeolite has a porediameter of at least about 0.6 nm, and preferred zeolites includedehydration catalysts selected from the group consisting of mordenites,ZSM-5, a zeolite X and a zeolite Y. Zeolite X is described, for example,in U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,244 and zeolite Y in U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,007, thedisclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

In order that the invention disclosed herein may be more efficientlyunderstood, an example is provided below.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A crude ethanol product was obtained by hydrogenating acetic acid with aplatinum/tin catalyst. The reaction conditions are 3.66 g/min of aceticacid with 10.53 L/min of a recycle flow comprising acetic acid, and 1.05L/min of hydrogen feed to a reactor having a temperature profile of 220to 300° C. The residence time from the reactor to the first purificationcolumn was 2 days with no temperature control. A spot sample was takenof the crude ethanol product withdrawn from the reactor and thecomposition was determined by GC. A second sample, i.e., a carboy sampleof the liquid feed fed to the purification column, was also taken andthe composition was determined by GC. The spot sample and second samplewere compared and the results are shown in FIG. 2. An increase of 1.2wt. % in the content of ethyl acetate was reported between the samples.

Example 2

A crude ethanol product was obtained by hydrogenating acetic acid with aplatinum/tin catalyst. The stability of the crude ethanol product wasmeasured over 57 days. Over this period the amount of ethyl acetateincreased and the amounts of ethanol and acetic acid decreased as shownin FIG. 3.

Example 3

A crude ethanol product was obtained by hydrogenating acetic acid with aplatinum/tin catalyst. The stability of the crude ethanol product wasmeasured over 27 days at 4° C. Over this period the amounts of ethanol,water, and acetic acid were measured and are shown in FIG. 4.

Example 4

A crude ethanol product was obtained by hydrogenating acetic acid with aplatinum/tin catalyst. The stability of the crude ethanol product wasmeasured over 61 days at 4° C. stored in a refrigerator (F) and comparedwith the stability of the crude ethanol product stored at roomtemperature (RT), e.g., 21° C. Over this period the amounts of ethanol,ethyl acetate, and acetic acid were measured and are shown in FIG. 5.The increase in ethyl acetate formation in the top line (RT) was greaterthan the increase in ethyl acetate formation in the bottom line (F).

Example 5

A crude ethanol product was obtained by hydrogenating acetic acid with aplatinum/tin catalyst. The stability of the crude ethanol product storedat three different temperatures was analyzed. The crude ethanol productwas analyzed at room temperature (RT), e.g., 21° C.; in a refrigerator(F) at 4° C.; and under dry ice (DI) at −78° C. Over this period theamounts of ethyl acetate were measured and are presented in FIG. 6. Theincrease in ethyl acetate formation of the crude ethanol compositionthat was stored under room temperature (RT) was greater than theincrease in ethyl acetate formation of the crude ethanol compositionthat was stored in the refrigerator (F), which was greater than theethyl acetate formation of the crude ethanol composition that was storedon dry ice (DI).

While the invention has been described in detail, modifications withinthe spirit and scope of the invention will be readily apparent to thoseof skill in the art. In view of the foregoing discussion, relevantknowledge in the art and references discussed above in connection withthe Background and Detailed Description, the disclosures of which arehereby incorporated by reference. In addition, it should be understoodthat aspects of the invention and portions of various embodiments andvarious features recited below and/or in the appended claims may becombined or interchanged either in whole or in part. In the foregoingdescriptions of the various embodiments, those embodiments which referto another embodiment may be appropriately combined with otherembodiments as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art.Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that theforegoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended tolimit the invention.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A process for purifying a crude ethanol product,comprising: hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of acatalyst to form the crude ethanol product; separating the crude ethanolproduct in a flasher into a vapor stream and a liquid stream; directingat least a portion of the liquid stream to a purification zone; andseparating at least a portion of the liquid stream in the purificationzone into at least one derivative stream, wherein the at least a portionof the liquid stream has a residence time from the flasher to thepurification zone from 5 minutes to 5 days.
 17. The process of claim 16,wherein the purification zone comprises a first column.
 18. The processof claim 17, wherein the separating comprises separating at least aportion of the liquid stream in the first column into a first distillatecomprising ethanol, water, and ethyl acetate and a first residuecomprising acetic acid.
 19. The process of claim 17, wherein the atleast a portion of the liquid stream has a residence time from theflasher to the first column from 5 minutes to 5 days.
 20. The process ofclaim 16, further comprising the step of returning at least a portion ofthe vapor stream to the reactor.
 21. The process of claim 16, furthercomprising: cooling at least a portion of the liquid stream to atemperature from 0 to 40° C.
 22. The process of claim 16, wherein ethylacetate content of the crude ethanol product increases by no more than 5wt. % prior to being introduced into the purification zone.
 23. Aprocess for purifying a crude ethanol product, comprising: hydrogenatingacetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the crudeethanol product; and separating the crude ethanol product in a flasherinto a vapor stream and a liquid stream, cooling at least a portion ofthe liquid stream to a temperature from 0° C. to 40° C.; directing atleast a portion of the liquid stream to a purification zone; andseparating at least a portion of the liquid stream in the purificationzone into at least one derivative stream.
 24. The process of claim 23,wherein the purification zone comprises a first column.
 25. The processof claim 23, wherein the separating comprises separating at least aportion of the crude ethanol product in the first column into a firstdistillate comprising ethanol, water, and ethyl acetate and a firstresidue comprising acetic acid.
 26. The process of claim 25, furthercomprising returning at least a portion of the first residue to thereactor.
 27. The process of claim 25, wherein the first residuecomprises from 60 to 100 wt. % of acetic acid, based on the total weightof the first residue.
 28. The process of claim 23, further comprisingthe step of returning at least a portion of the vapor stream to thereactor.
 29. The process of claim 23, wherein ethyl acetate content ofthe crude ethanol product increases by no more than 5 wt. % prior tobeing introduced into the purification zone.
 30. The process of claim23, wherein at least of a portion of the crude ethanol product stream isdirected to a holding tank.
 31. The process of claim 23, wherein thecrude ethanol product comprises ethanol, water ethyl acetate, and aceticacid.
 32. The process of claim 16, wherein at least a portion of theliquid stream is held in a holding tank between the flasher and thepurification zone.
 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the at least aportion of the liquid stream has a residence time from the flasher tothe purification zone from 1 hour to 5 days.
 34. A process for purifyinga crude ethanol product, comprising: hydrogenating acetic acid in areactor in the presence of a catalyst to form the crude ethanol product;separating the crude ethanol product in a flasher into a vapor streamand a liquid stream; directing at least a portion of the liquid streamto a purification zone; and separating at least a portion of the liquidstream in the purification zone into at least one derivative stream,wherein the crude ethanol product has a residence time from the reactorto the flasher from 5 minutes to 5 days.
 35. The process of claim 34,wherein at least a portion of the crude ethanol product is held in aholding tank between the reactor and the flasher.